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Animal Waste - includes contaminated animal carcasses, body parts, and bedding materials of animals that were known to have been exposed to infectious agents during research [including research in veterinary hospitals], production of biologicals or testing of pharmaceuticals (USEPA 1997). Note: Animal wastes are also considered to be similar in nature to other health care wastes and fall into the two categories of general health care wastes and medical wastes. Accordingly, integrated solid waste management systems should address solid wastes from animal health care facilities and service providers in the same manner as other health care facilities and service providers. Ad Valorem Taxes - "Ad valorem" is defined as "in proportion to the value" and is used especially as a tax or duty, fixed at a percentage of the value of property or goods being taxed (Webster 1996). Alley Collection - the collection of solid waste, recyclables, or other materials where the generator places solid waste, recyclables and br other materials in some type of container in the alley, or at the side, or back of the property. The collection vehicle traverses the alley and collects the materials using either manual, semi - automated or fully - automated collection equipment. Alley collection is common in older local governments and certain sectors of suburbs where alleys are present. An alley is a passage between rows of houses permitting access from a street to backyards, garages, etc. Automated Collection - the use of mechanical devices to lift and empty solid waste containers into solid waste collection vehicles. Automated collection consists of semi-automated, fully-automated collection of residential solid wastes and recyclables and front-end loader collection. Backdoor Collection (Side of the House Collection) - the collection of solid waste, recyclables, or other materials from the backdoor or side of the house by a collector who either empties the containers into a larger container, or other means, such as a large burlap blanket, which is taken to a collection vehicle, or carries the container(s) to the collection vehicle, empties the container(s) and returns them to the backdoor or side of the house. Bag System - a co-collection design where recyclables are placed in a plastic bag and placed at the curb the same time as solid wastes and both are collected in one packer collection vehicle. Frequently referred to as the "blue bag system" due to the common use of blue plastic bags. Bans - in integrated solid waste management, a term used to describe an act, normally by legislation or regulation, that forbids certain materials from being received and processed by a solid waste management facility. Bin or Container - common terms for storage containers for residential, commercial, institutional or industrial solid waste and recyclables (see also _ Cart and Dumpster). Boxa - common term used for roll - off containers. Business - any commercial enterprise, including a temporary residence, such as hotels, motels, and dormitories, that is not used as a permanent res,dence, an institution, or, industry. Typically, businesses are such enterprises as:
Bulky Waste (Bulky Items) - large items of solid waste, other than white goods, which because of their bulk/size, require special collection and management (SWANA 1991). Examples include stumps, furniture, large auto parts, hot water heaters, furnaces, and perhaps remodeling materials from residential sources. Bulky wastes are normally generated by residential sources. Cab - an enclosure mounted on a truck frame for housing an operator that normally includes seats, operating controls, and environmental systems Cabs can be constructed of steel, aluminum or fiberglass. Cabs come in three basic designs:
Capital Financing - financing used to pay for the development of capital assets, e.g. in solid waste management, fixed assets would be solid waste management facilities and, in some cases, equipment. Local governments raise capital primarily by bonds (general obligation, project, or revenue bonds) and private for - profit organizations use loans, stock issues or industrial bonds. Cart - a common term for storage containers used in semi - automated and fully - automated residential solid waste and recycfables collection systems. Carts are equipped with wheels to enable them to be rolled to the curb to be emptied (Hickman, 1999). Cart Dumper - a mechanical device used in semi - automated and fully - automated collection to lift and empty carts. Also called flippers and tippers. Chassis - the assembly of the cab, frame, drive train, wheels and other standard chassis components on which a collection body is installed. Collection - the act of removing accumulated solid waste from the point of collection and transporting it to a solid waste management facility; collection may also occur at centralized points where generators deliver their solid waste. Co - Collection/Dual Collection - simultaneous collection of two solid wastes, e.g. residential solid waste and residential recyclables; residential solid wastes and green (yard) wastes; residential recyclables and green wastes; or two recyclables (Hickman 1999). Collection Body - an enclosed or open body that receives solid waste or recyclables during collection. Collection bodies are of two types:
Collection Frequency - the number of times per week that collection service is provided. Collection/Service Stop - a term used to describe a unique address that is a point of collection and requires collection services, i.e., a geographical point within a service area that requires the collection vehicle to stop and collect solid waste and/or recyclables, or other materials. Collection System - a combination of the various components that are necessary to provide a collection service, including the system design, equipment and human resources, point of collection, frequency, system costs, and method of financing. Commercial Collection - the collection of solid waste and recyclables from a business or industrial complex (generators of commercial, institutional and industrial, nonprocess, non - hazardous solid waste) generally using specialized containers and collection vehicles. Commercial Solid Waste - solid waste generated by businesses, institutions, general health care wastes from health care facilities and health care providers, and solid waste from industries, that is similar in characteristics to that generated by businesses. Compost - Compost is an organic soil conditioner that has been stabilized to a humuslike product that is free of viable human and plant pathogens and plant seeds, that does not attracts insects or other vectors (organisms that transmit pathogens), that can be handled and stored without nuisance, and that is beneficial to the growth of plants. Construction & Demolition Wastes (C&D Wastes) - solid waste materials resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair, or demolition of buildings, bridges, pavements, and similar structures. Normally, construction and demolition materials from residential sources are not included in the definition of C&D wastes. Contractors - see Service Providers and Haulers. Controlled Area - for self - delivery collection systems, a controlled area is one established by an integrated solid waste management system where non - containerized materials such as green wastes or white goods are deposited in a specially - designated and controlled area at a drop - off center, or some other solid waste management facility. Convenience Center - see Drop - Off Center. Cultures and Stocks - infectious agents and associated biologicals, including cultures from medical and pathological research and industrial laboratories; wastes from the production of biologicals; discarded live and attenuated vaccines; and culture dishes and devices used to transfer, inoculate and mix cultures (USEPA 1997). Curbside Collection - the collection of solid waste, recyclables, or other materials placed in front of the property (curbside) by the generator who then returns the container to their normal location after they have been emptied (USEPA 1995). Curbside collection is generally used in the collection of residential solid wastes and recyclables, or other materials. It is not normally used in commercial, institutional or industrial solid waste collection. Direct Costs - direct costs are all expenditures which are directly attributable to providing a solid waste management service(s) that would be eliminated if the service(s) were discontinued. Direct Haul - the hauling of collected solid waste in the collection vehicle from its point of collection to a solid waste management facility (materials recovery, mulching, composting, waste - to - energy or landfill facilities). District(s) - geographical areas within a solid waste collection service area that divides the service area into a number of routes to equalize the number of stops served, the hours necessary to provide service to all stops, or the amount of solid waste to be collected. Frequently, physical characteristics of a service area, such as traffic corridors, rivers, or other physical barriers also help define districts. (Shuster & Schur 1974). Districting - the act of establishing districts. Diversion - a term used to describe the act of diverting one or more designated materials from a solid waste stream. Diversion typically occurs at the point of generation. Normally, diversion is used to divert recyclables for separate collection, but if may also be used to prevent certain materials from being managed with the rest of a solid waste stream. Diversion Ratethe - amount of material being diverted for recycling, compared to the total amount that was previously generated prior to diversion. Door - to - Door Collection - one of the two basic designs for a residential solid waste collection system where the collection vehicle travels from door - to - door to collect solid wastes, recyclables, or other materials that are placed in containers by the generator at some point on their property (see Point of Collection). Drop - Off Centers (also called Convenience Centers) - one of the two basic designs for a residential collection system. A drop - off center is a site where solid wastes, recyclables, or other materials are taken by generators and deposited into designated containers (LJSEPA 1995). Drop - off Centers are frequently used in rural areas and for the collection of special wastes. Dumpster - a common term used to describe storage bins (containers) for commercial, institutional, and industrial solid waste. Originally developed by the Dempster Co. as the Dempster Dumpster. Enterprise Funds - a fund for specific purpose that is selfsupporting from the revenues generated (SWANA 1991). External Drive Systems - a term used to identify hydraulic drive systems for solid waste collection vehicles. Commonly called PTOs (power takeoff systems), these systems consist of a gear box connected to the power train of the collection vehicle, a pump to pressure and move the hydraulic fluids through - out the hydraulic system and hydraulic lines to deliver hydraulic fluids to van or devices requiring hydraulic power, e.g. compaction, lifting, and emptying devices. Drives for PTOs are either directly connected to the crankshaft at the front of the collection vehicle engine or off of the collection vehicle transmission. Fleet - a term commonly used to denote a large group of collection vehicles belonging to a particular solid waste collection service provider. Flipper - a hydraulic powered device used in semi - automated collection to lift and empty a wheeled cart into a hopper. Franchise - an exclusive right granted by a governing political body to a public, or more often, a private service provider, to collect and/or manage solid waste for a local government. Front - End Loader Collection Vehicle - a collection vehicle with two forks on front arms to lift a container to empty the solid waste into a hopper at the top of the compaction body. Compaction of solid waste is from the front to the rear of the compaction body. This body type is used primarily for the collection of commercial, institutional and industrial solid wastes. However, it has been adapted for the collection of residential solid waste and recyclables. Front - End Loader Container - a solid waste storage container specially designed for use with a front - end loader collection vehicle. Frequently referred to as a "bin". Fully - Automated Collection - a method of collecting solid waste where the generator places the storage container at the point of collection and collection is done without the operator leaving the collection vehicle. The collection vehicle is equipped with special mechanical devices that are hydraulically extended to grasp, lift, empty and then replace the storage container back to the point of collection. Normally, the point of collection for fully automated collection is curbside or alley. Full Costs - full costs related to a solid waste management service, or unit operation; services include direct, indirect, and/or outside contractor costs. Future Value of Money - the value of money at some future time based on an assigned or assumed interest rate. General Fund - in local government financial management, those funds raised by jurisdictionwide taxes, e.g., property and sales taxes. General Health Care Waste - solid waste from health care facilities and service providers [human and animal) which are not hazardous, infectious, or potentially dangerous and should not require special management approaches after collection. These solid wastes are generated in all areas of health care facilities and by health care service providers and homes. They can be managed in integrated solid waste management systems (Hickman 1999). General Obligation Bonds - general obligation (GO) bonds are secured by a governmentís taxing powers and are often used to finance capital projects. Grabber a hydraulic powered device used in fully - automated collection to lift and empty a wheeled cart into a hopper. Green Wastes (Yard Wastes) - a generic term used to define organic wastes from lawn, tree, horticultural and landscaping services including leaves, grass clippings, tree prunings, large cut waste timber and stumps, and other materials which are generated by commercial or nonresidential activities, as well as similar materials generated by homeowners from their lawns and gardens. Hauler - a term universally used in North America to describe any organization (publicly or privately owned and operated) that collects solid waste. Most often used however, to describe a privately owned organization. Home Health Care Wastes - solid wastes generated as a result of the provision of health care in the home. These solid wastes will not present the same array of solid waste components as health care facilities, but will include general health care and medical wastes such as sharps, soiled dressings, human blood products, disposable bedding, and gloves to mention the more predominant possibilities (Hickman 1999). Hospital Waste - discards generated at a hospital, except unused items returned to the manufacturer; does not include human corpses, remains, and anatomical parts; intended for internment or cremation (USEPA 1997). Household Hazardous Wastes - solid waste generated by residential generators that exhibit the characteristics of a hazardous waste as established by USEPA hazardous waste regulations (USEPA 1980). These wastes are exempt from the RCRA hazardous waste regulatory requirements, but may be included in state regulations. Human Blood and Blood Products - liquid waste human blood; products of blood; items saturated and/or dripping with human blood; or items that were saturated and/or dripping with human blood that are now caked with dried human blood, including serum, plasma and other blood components and the containers which were used or intended for use in either patient care, testing and laboratory analysis, or the development of pharmaceuticals. Intravenous bags are also included in this definition (USEPA 1997). Human Pathological Waste - tissues, organs, body parts, and body fluids that are removed during surgery, child birth, or autopsy or other medical procedures and specimens of body fluids and their containers (USEPA 1997). Igloo Container - a storage container frequently used for storing recyclables at drop - off centers which draws its name from its shape, which resembles an ice igloo. Infectious Agent - any organism (such as a virus or bacteria) that is capable of being communicated by invasion and multiplication in body issues and capable of causing disease or adverse health impacts in humans (USEPA 1997). Indirect Costs - independent of direct costs, indirect costs relate to support services such as general administration, human resources, accounting, etc. Often, these services are provided by other governmental departments to a solid waste management service organization. Industrial Solid Waste - solid waste, which is similar in physical, chemical and biological characteristics to commercial and residential solid waste, is non - hazardous, non - process related, and would normally be generated by offices, warehouses, cafeterias and shipping activities in industrial operations. Frequently referred to as "light industrial" solid waste. Institutional Solid Waste - solid waste generated by social, charitable and educational activities (SWANA 1991). Integrated Solid Waste Management - lnteg rated solid waste management is defined as a management system composed of the following actions, steps, methods, processes and facilities (Tchobanoglous et al. 1993):
methods or facilities:
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) defines integrated solid waste management as a process for managing solid wastes and materials diverted from solid waste through a combination of any of the following four methods of management (USEPA 1998):
Note: The U.S. Congress in the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988 defined medical waste as, any solid waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings, in research related thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals. Such term does not include any hazardous waste identified or listed under Subtitle C (RCRA) or any household waste as defined in regulations under Subtitle C (Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1998). It is assumed that the HMIWI definition in the 1997 rules preempts the MWTA definition. Isolation Wastes - includes biological waste and discarded materials contaminated with blood, excretions, exudates, and secretions from humans who are isolated to protect others from certain highly communicable diseases, or isolated animals known to be infected with highly communicable diseases (USEPA 1997). Invitation for Bid (IFB) - a document used to solicit competitive bids for a service or work to be done that requests firm, nonnegotiable, fixed prices (Public Technology, Inc. 1995). License see Permits. Local Government - an incorporated, or unincorporated jurisdiction below the state or provincial level of government including cities, municipalities, towns, townships, boroughs, districts, special purpose districts, authorities, counties or similar local government entities, which has been established by state, provincial, or local government law for the purposes of serving a designated segment of population within a state or province, or interstate/interprovincial areas (SWANA 1991). Mega fills - a term used to describe large (2,000 + tpd) regional landfills established normally by private owners to provide landfill capacity from very large geographical areas. The vast majority of the solid waste received is transported by transfer systems. Mission Statement - a statement identifying an organizationís business in terms of purpose and delivery (Robinson 1986). Municipal Solid Waste - Municipal solid waste (MSW) is defined as a solid waste stream composed of the following distinct solid waste streams:
Managed Competition - the process of competitive selection of solid waste service providers where local government service providers compete against private service providers. Manual Collection - a method of collecting solid waste where the operator and/or collector(s) leave the collection vehicle and manually empties the container(s). Storage containers may be brought to the point of collection by the generator or a member of the collection crew. Materials Recovery Facility - a term used for a facility that separates mixed (commingled) recyclables into various components and processes those components for sale as secondary materials (Hickman 1999). Medical/Infectious Wastes The, Hospital, Medical, and Infectious Waste Incinerators (HMIWI) - regulations define these wastes as any solid waste generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals. Medical/infectious wastes include cultures and stocks, human pathological wastes, human blood and blood products, sharps, animal wastes, isolation wastes, and unused sharps. Human corpses, remains, and anatomical parts intended for internment or cremation are not included in this definition (USEPA 1997). program, especially of a public, educational or charitable character; examples include schools, hospitals, universities, museums, prisons and reformatories, etc.; institutional would therefore be an organization that is structured so as to function in social, charitable and educational activities [Websterís 1996]). There are many other solid wastes that may appear within a municipal solid waste management system and may be included in the definition of municipal solid waste on a state by state or provincebyprovince basis. Examples of these other solid wastes include:
While other solid wastes, like those listed above, are not included in the definition for municipal solid waste used in this book, they may be managed within an integrated solid waste management system. Consequently, they should be considered in any integrated solid waste management plan. Municipal Solid Waste Resource Recovery - Municipal solid waste resource recovery is the recovery and utilization of resources (energy or materials) from municipal solid waste (Skitt 1992). Operational Funding - funding for the direct and indirect operation costs for a solid waste collection and/or transfer system. Participation Rate - the percentage of generators on a residential collection route who participate in a residential recyclables collection service by providing (setting - out) recyclables for collection. Participation rates vary since generators may not set out recyclables every time collection is provided. To establish a participation rate, some time frequency must be established, i.e., once per month, etc. Permits - formal authorization issued by a local government to a for - profit business venture to provide a service within the legal jurisdiction of that local government, also called licenses. Permits may be as simple as authorization to do business, to very complex with many conditions governing how the permitted business operates. In most instances, there is a fee for issuing a permit. Point of Collection - a geographical point on a generatorís property where storage containers are placed for collection service. Rear Loader Collection Vehicle - a solid waste collection body where the hopper for loading the solid waste is at the rear of the compaction body. Compaction of solid waste is from the rear to the front of the compaction body. This body type is used primarily for residential solid waste collection. However, it has been adapted for the collection of commercial, institutional, and light industrial solid wastes. Residential Recyclablesmaterials - in the residential solid waste stream designated to be diverted for the purposes of recycling. Residential Solid Waste - solid waste generated from single and multifamily sources; frequently called household solid waste, or household wastes. Residential Storage Container - a container used to store residential solid waste and/or residential recyclables. These containers may be constructed of metal, plastic, or paper and are either of hard, or soft, side construction (see Cart). Recycling of Materials from Solid Waste - Recycling is the diversion or removal of materials from a solid waste stream and the use of those materials in one of the following ways:
Reeving - passing a line or rope through an opening or fastening an object by placing a line or rope through or around something (Websterís 1996). In roll - off collection equipment, the term reeving is used to identify a hydraulically powered cable system to load, and off - load, roll - off containers onto, and off, of a roll - off truck. Request for Proposals (RFP) - a document used to solicit technical and cost proposals from potential service providers (Public Technology 1995). Request for Qualifications (RFQ) - a document used to obtain statements of qualifications (including experience, references, financial stability and condition, and availability of equipment) from bidders prior to issuance of a final solicitation (Public Technology, Inc. 1995). Revenue Bonds - bonds used to finance capital projects which are secured only by the revenues generated by the funded project. Route - a round of stops to collect solid waste a path regularly visited by a collection vehicle (Shuster 1974). Routing - the process which physically defines the route a collection vehicle follows as it goes stop - by - stop collecting solid waste or recyclables. Roll - Off Containera - container used for the storage, collection and transport of commercial, institutional or industrial solid waste. The container is pulled onto the tilt - frame of the collection vehicle with a cable by winch, reeving cylinders, or by hooks and taken to a solid waste management facility for emptying. Normally, an empty roll - off container is delivered to a customer at the time of collection, rolled off and left for future use. Frequently referred to as a "box". Roll - Off Service - a system for storing and collecting solid waste. The container used for storage is transported to the point of collection by a special collection vehicle. The roll - off container is then "rolled off" the collection vehicle and left for filling. When it is ready to be serviced an empty container is delivered to the point of collection, rolled off and the full container is loaded onto the collection vehicle and taken to a solid waste or recycfables management facility. Sanitary Landfill/Landfilling - A sanitary landfill is as a land area where solid waste is disposed in a manner that protects human health and the environment (SWANA 1991). Sanitary landfilling is an engineering method of disposing of solid waste on land in a manner that protects human health and the environment by spreading the solid waste in layers, compacting those layers into the smallest practical volume, and covering the compacted solid waste with soil (SWANA 1991). In addition to the qualities listed above, a solid waste sanitary landfill also includes:
Semi - Automated Collection - a method of collecting solid waste where the generator places the storage container at the point of collection and the collection is done by a collection vehicle which requires the operator or collector to leave the collection vehicle and manually connect the container(s)to a hydraulic lifting device (flipper or tipper) fastened to the mainframe or hopper of the collection vehicle. Normally, the point of collection for semi - automated collection is curbside, or alley. Service Area - a geographic area provided solid waste collection service, service areas are normally divided into districts to provide collection services. Set - Out Rate - the percentage of generators on a residential collection route who provide (or set - out) solid waste and/or recyclables for collection. Normally, the set - out rate is calculated based on the frequency of collection. As an example, if the collection frequency is once per week, the set - out rate is calculated by dividing the number of generators on the route that set - out their containers by the total number of service stops on that route. If twice per week service is provided each service has its own set - out rate, separate set - out rates are determine for the second service. Sharps - items used in animal or human patient care or treatment or in medical research or industrial laboratories including hypodermic needles, syringes (with or without the needles), Pasteur pipettes, scalpel blades, blood vials, needles with attached tubing, lancets, and culture dishes (regardless of presence of infectious agents). Also included are other types of broken or unbroken glassware that were in contact with infectious agents, such as used slides and cover slips (USEPA 1997). Side Loader Collection Vehicle - a solid waste collection body where the hopper for loading the solid waste is at the side of the collection vehicle in the front of the compaction body. Compaction of solid waste is from the front to the rear of the compaction body. This body type is used primarily for one person semi - automated and fully - automated collection of residential solid wastes. It is also used for the collection of commercial solid waste, residential recyclables, and residential green wastes (yard wastes). Solid Waste - The definition for solid waste used here is provided in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the principal U.S. federal solid waste legislation (U.S. Congress 1976). It should be noted that the definition encompasses waste materials in four physical conditions solid, liquid, semi - liquid, and gaseous. In writing the law (RCRA), the intent was to establish federal jurisdiction over a variety of waste materials not addressed by the principal federal environmental laws in existence at that time the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act with a focus on management of these materials during transport and disposal. These solid wastes are also frequently referred to as Subtitle 0 solid wastes reflecting the section of RCRA that applies to this solid waste stream and includes all non - hazardous solid wastes. RCRA defines solid waste as any garbage, refuse, or sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities. Not included in the definition are solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges which are point sources subject to permits under section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (86 Stat. 880), or source, special nuclear, or byproduct material as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (68 Stat. 923). Solid Waste Management - Solid waste management is defined as the systematic organization and administration of activities which provide for the planning, financing, and operational processes for managing solid waste. Operational processes include storage, separation, collection, transport, treatment, separation, diversion for other management purposes, recycling, corn - posting, combustion, and landfilling of solid waste (Tchobanoglous etal. 1993). The generation of solid waste is not a part of solid waste management. Solid Waste Management Facility - transfer stations, composting and mulching facilities, materials recovery facilities, combustion facilities and landfills that receive solid waste and/or recyclables for management. Solid Waste Management Infrastructure - Infrastructure is the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization (Websterís 1996). Therefore, the solid waste management infrastructure is the basic framework of a system to manage solid waste, including institutional, financial, regulatory, operational, and organizational processes. Source Reduction - Source reduction is any action that reduces the amount of solid waste to be collected and managed. It includes:
The above definition of source reduction is the one that is used in this book. However, the USEPA defines source reduction to also include the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials to reduce their quantity or toxicity before they reach the solid waste stream. Special Use Taxes - taxes assessed for a specific use, such as public education (schools). Special Wastes - a term commonly used to describe specific materials, generated primarily by residential sources (other generators too), that may require special collection and management approaches (Hickman 1999). Stationary Compactor - powered machines that remain stationary when in operation, and are designed to compact solid waste into a container. Smaller stationary compactors are used in apartment complexes or institutions. Larger stationary compactors are used in commercial, industrial and solid waste facilities, including drop - off centers (ANSI 1997). Storage Container - a term used to identify a container used to store solid waste. Storage containers are used in residential, commercial, institutional and industrial applications. In each case, the containers are designed for their particular use. Frequently, generators use other non - specially designed containers to store solid waste. Tipper - a hydraulic powered device used in semi - automated collection to lift and empty a wheel cart into a hopper. The tipper places a container on its wheels at the beginning and end of the lifting cycle to eliminate wear along the container bottom. Transfersupplemental transportation systems employed to reduce hauling costs by using semi - trailers, railroad cars, or barges to haul from a central point(s) within a jurisdiction to one or more distant solid waste management facilities. The act of transfer includes unloading collection vehicles at the transfer station, loading solid waste from the transfer station to the transfer vehicles, and hauling the solid waste to distant solid waste management facilities. Transfer Station - a facility where the transfer of collected solid wastes from collection vehicles to transfer vehicles takes place. Transfer Vehicle - a transportation unit which is used for the long haul of solid waste from a transfer station to a distanr solid waste management facility. Unit - a term commonly used by collection vehicle sales vendors to designate a complete ready - to - work solid waste collection vehicle. Unused Sharps - includes unused and discarded sharps, hypodermic needles, suture needles, syringes, and scalpel blades (USEPA 1997). User Fees - fees directly billed to individual generators (home and business owners) for solid waste management services. Waste-to-Energy - Waste-to-energy is defined as an incineration process in which the organic fraction of solid waste is combusted and the released heat is utilized to generate hot water, steam, and electric power, leaving the inorganic fraction (ash) as a residue. Waste Reduction Waste - Reduction is a term encompassing all solid waste management methods source reduction, recycling, composting that result in the reduction of solid waste going to a combustion facility or landfill (USEPA 1995). White Goods - used to denote large household appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, ranges, air conditioners, dryers, and washing machines (SWANA 1991). Winch - a revolving machine that is used wind in or out cables or lines for the purposes of hauling or lifting a load (Websterís 1996). In commercial collection, winches are used in both rear loader and roll - off systems. In rear loaders, winches are used to lift, tip and empty containers into the hopper of a rear loader. In roll - off systems winches are used to load, and off - load, roll - off containers onto, and off, of a roIl - off truck. Yard Wastes - See Green Wastes.
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